What is PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) ? What are advantages of PLC ?

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

It an industrial digital controller that is used for controlling of process or operations of production. It can be main controller or cab be used as a slave controller too. PLC was invented in 1960 in US for automobile industries. The main purpose of the PLC is to make the process error less, most effective and faster the process of manufacturing or production. PLC controls the process by controlling the various electronics or electrical peripherals that drives the whole machine or a part of machine. These days the PLC are controlling the main robots of the industry . These robots are the main process component in the production . These robot are faster small in size and have programmable features to control them.

 Photo (By MakeMagazinDE - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77941648) 

A PLC can have small size and various lines in its architecture.  To control the machines it have some input and lines that are called as I/O pins . Maximum PLC have both digital and analog I/O pins. These pins can be from few to thousands in one PLC device. The group of pins are called as Port . One PLC may have few ports that can be used in bunch or individually  as per requirement of the user. Maximum PLCs are designed to mount into a dedicated rack by one rail method. But now days we can see a various types of physical designs. PLCs are most suitable for automobile industry , Manufacturing industry. PLCs can play a role of supervisor at a manufacturing process thus limit the probabilities of the error in the products due to process handling.

A PLC can handle below mentioned industry devices or peripherals.

1. Motor Drive through drive controller.

2. Switching ( ON-OFF) of a power device.

3. Delay between the two events in process.

4. Can record the Temperature,

5. Can detect the color .

6. can measure the weight of the final product.

7. Can control the robot made for picking, placing ,painting or welding etc.

8. Can have the control on speed of production or manufacturing.

These are very few functions of  a PLC device that can be easily done . These all tasks can be done by using its software and hardware. A PLC have two main parts in it.

A. Hardware.

B. Software.

PLC Hardware

PLC have its own state-of-the-art hardware structure to sense and control the real world. As told before the main function of the controller is to control the devices. It have one Master controller or few slave controllers to deal with the real world. It happens with the help of its input and output pins. A PLC controller may have lots of I/O pins. An industry PLC runs only only on 24 Volts DC but few of them  can be designed at various DC levels. The output pins gives output of 24 VDC.

PLC Software

To run the process as per requirement of the user PLC have its own software design and commands. PLC software is a rail based software that is written in between the  two rails.

PLC use a special program to get programmed . It uses the unique graphical programming language  that is call ladder diagram. The example photo of a ladder program is shown in the picture below.

PLC have made our industry more reliable, powerful, quick and error less. We are making new thinks with zero errors . Robots are working as much similar or better than the humans in industry. This all is possible just due to PLC advancement.

What are advantages of PLC ?

1. Easy programming due to graphical programming method.

2. Highly reliable. 

3. No wear and tear.

4. No maintenance.

5. cost effective.

6. Customization possible.

7. Remotely Supervising possible.

8. Safe for unsafe environment. 

That is for now we will meet soon with a new topic. 

How to increase your smartphone battery life?

How to increase your Smartphone battery life ?

Battery life is a big concern in our life now. As the technology grow very fast in past few years that made a smartphone more powerful yet portable by its size. It is truth that our smartphone is much powerful than the on board computer of Apollo-11 that was gone to Moon. Modern smartphone processor is capable to compute billions of instructions in seconds. Our smartphone screen going bigger and bigger by its resolution and definition.  

As the functions of the smartphone increased so the power consumption of this device also increased results the faster drain of battery of life. Some technologies also made the battery powerful by its capacity but still the drainage of battery is higher. Lets discuss some ideas and technique by which we can make a battery consumption lower than the earlier. It will also increase the life span of battery. 

1. Recharge at 100%

A new smart phone is dispatched with approx 50% of battery recharge. It is for safety factor, When you buy a new smartphone, make your battery recharge at 100%. When battery is at 100% than also it need to be connected with the charging point it is necessary for equalizing the voltage levels of the every cells available inside the battery.

2. Discharge only until 10%

Discharging of a battery is also big point for battery life span , and it can improve the performance of the battery. If we want to battery should work properly and better every time, than we need to focus on its discharging too. A battery is designed to work almost 400 to 500 time of charging and discharging . So if we discharge it by less than 10% or near to 0 than if life get shrink. So do not discharge it below the 10 % of its voltage level.

3. Use proper charging Adapter.

Our charging adapter or charger plays a vital role in the battery life span. A adapter can contribute a few months extras to battery life. Every battery have a specials charging current and voltage levels. A charger is designed to fed the voltage and current to battery through charging circuits. In smartphones that circuit is used like a charge controller. So if we few higher level of voltage to the battery than this circuit can get damage or reduce its capabilities. Resultant week battery charging that effect the battery life directly. Don't use another brand or power rating charging adapters as supplied by the manufacturer.  

 

4. Type of wallpapers.

When we unlock the smartphone than we got the welcome screen to display . This screen taken power as per its brightness, type of back light it need and colors that are used in that picture. If this picture is bright and having bright colors than it will take more power to display. So it will be better to have a low brighten picture as wallpapers. My recommendation is to use black or blue wallpapers to dispay to save the battery power. Black and blue colors take lesser power from battery. Live wallpaper consumes more battery than the still one. So it will be better to have a still and dark or black color wallpaper on your welcome screen. 

5. Vibration Setting.

As a broad scenario all functions of a smartphone depends upon the power. If we are using less functions than surely we are consuming less battery and if we are using more functions tahn we are consuming more battery. So in our setting we should avoid unwanted vibrations settings like vibration on ring, vibration on touch, vibration on call connect. These settings drains your battery faster and generally we don't need this types of facilities too. So avoid it if can afford it.

6. Ringtone Volume.

It seems funny but if reduce the volume of ringtone we can contribute a few minute to the battery charge in a day. That is not a bed idea because when we are running out of battery or battery about to die, than few minutes can be will a big life line. So reduce the ringtone. to save the battery.

7. Protection from Overheating

Overheating is big issue in many smartphone. When a smartphone got heated than the battery suffer badly. Our battery stores charge or voltage in the form of chemical reactions inside the battery. When in use it releases the heat. But when a battery got heated than the reduction or losing of voltage become faster. So it would be better to have a low rate of heating or battery discharging. For that you can reduce the use of smartphone when it is hot.

8. Protect from Bumps.

Smartphone is a portable or mobile device so no doubt it got lots of bumps, vibrations etc. But these bumps and vibrations are not good for the battery that resident inside the smartphone. It will be better practice to save or protect it form unwanted bumps and vibration. Latest technology and adaptation of new generation battery packs are being used in the modern smart phones but still it need so more advancements too. 

9. Others Settings.

With all these settings some other settings can contribute much more to little more these settings are mentioned below.

a. Some apps can ask location settings to be ON

b. Some battery tracking app can have battery consumption requirements too.

c. Brightness setting etc.

So these are the few points that can make the battery life logger in a charge or for longer battery life span too. Smart phone are our lifeline and we are getting dependent upon its use. A better battery life is expected from our phone. If we follow the mentioned tricks and techniques than we can reduce the battery uses and contributes from few minutes to few hours to a single charge. 

So it was for now we will meet in our next blog..

Till than take care.. 

How to make a Relay Module ?

 How to make a Relay Module?

Introduction :-

When we talk about the electronics indirectly we talks about the controlling of physical world. Electronic devices are capable enough to control the physical world. Generally  we deals with the low voltages in electronic circuits but some time we need to control a huge amount of electricity to run or stop some electrical devices for example when we need to control the main power line from distribution board. Than in general electronic, directly  we have nothing to control this amount of power. So if we want to control this huge amount of power than we have operate a relay as switch of  that further control the main power line.

A Relay Module:- 

A relay module is a electronic device the operates on 10-12 Volts DC but have a capabilities to handle a huge amount of power to switch some kind of electrical devices such as electrical fan , bulb, motor or iron etc. This module can be made some generic electronic components. These components can easily arranged from local market or your own electronic inventory.

The circuit diagram of a relay module is shown in the figure below.

As we can see in the circuit diagram, the incoming signal is fed to the optocoupler IC 4N25 through 1 kilo ohm resistor and LED D1 that switches the internal transistor through photo technique. When this internal transitor get switched on than it further switched on the externel transistor that is BC547 . This BC547 now power on the relay coil with 12 VDC and relay get energied due to this the contacts of relay get switched from NC (Normally Closed) to NO (Normally Opened) and the power given to common pole start going through NO terminal.

Construction:- 

This module required very few generic components. The list components are.

Small Piece of Zero PCB

One 12VDC  Coil Relay (PCB Mountable)

One BC547 Transistor 

One 4N25 Optocoupler IC

Two 1 Kilo Ohm Resistor 1/4 Watts

One IN4007 Diode

One 3 mm LED

7 Male Header Pins  

Soldring Iron and Some Basic tools

Make a  suitable sized zero PCB, it will be better to have holes of approx 3mm at every corner of this PCB piece. These holes are used to fix the relay module . Now assemble and solder  the components as shown in the circuit diagram before .

After finishing the soldring process cut the extra long terminals of components with the help of wire cutter. Now lets check the relay module . To check the relay module folllow the steps given below-

1. Double check the correct ness of soldered circuit.

2. Check for any type of shorting of solder in between tracks.

3. Join the 12VDC to terminal.

4. Give approx 5 VDC to In terminal at input (Jack 1).

5. Check the connectvity between comman to NO terminals at output (Jack 2).

6. If connectivity found than your circuit is okey and ready to use.

This Relay Module can be use to operate a load upto a limit as mentioned on the relay body. When a incoming 5 VDC signal comes the LED glows. It indicates that the optocoupler is working fine at input side. 

If we use new and reliable components than this circuit can withstand for years long. 

So this was for now . We will meet again for another intersting blog. 

Kindly suggest in the comments section.

What is a Desktop Computer SMPS ?

What is a Desktop Computer SMPS ?

(Switched Mode Power Supply)

Introduction

Computer is an state of art device and made to do numerous tasks like calculations, printing, scanning, document making saving and lots of many more. To perform these tasks computer have lots of electronic parts too. These parts works in a sequence to handle the data or various signals. These devices or components need various voltages at various current levels. To meet their power requirements a desktop computer need various voltages at various current levels.  A desktop computer SMPS ( Switched Mode Power Supply) handles these power requirements. this types of power supply comes in some variants also like 250 Watt, 350 Watts or 450 Watts and so. In this blog we will discus about this power supply.

What is a SMPS ?

SMPS ( Switched Mode Power Supply) is a AC to DC converter that changes the AC 230 VDC to various DC voltages. These voltages are as follow.

          

             +12 Volts

            -12 Volts

             +5 Volts

             -5 Volts

           + 3.3 Volts

            -3.3 Volts

To connect these voltages to computer circuit called computer mother board we have two types of power connector . There are two types of power connector that connects SMPS to motherboard . Both connectors are shown in the picture in following . 

20 pin  connector was used in old PCs and 24 pin connector can be found in almost new PCs . The basic difference can be found in the picture. The incoming voltage of a SMPS is 110-230 VAC, and outputs are discussed earlier. So lets see how a SMPS do his job ?

Circuit diagram shown in the picture is a basic idea of a SMPS . SMPS use PWM signal to for controlling of volateg and current for output. The incoming  power is converted in the DC voltage directly by a bridge rectifier and than filters by a strong dc capacitor . The maximum AC part of the voltage is removed hare . After this DC voltage is switched at controlled speed by the switching circuit and fed it to the SMPS transformer through a powerful transistor. This transformer actually works like an regulator of the outputs . It transformed the  various voltages at his secondary windings. After this step voltages formed filterred and fed to the computer motherboard. On another important circuit take care of the regulation that is feedback circuit . It takes some voltage from the output and feed it to the switching circuit. 

The switching of this circuit depends upon the voltage level of the output. This whole circuit is placed in a metal cabinet. As it is a SMPS power supply so this need a starting trigger to starts it functionality so one trigger wire or power ON wire need ti connect with the ground wire. When we connect this SMPS with the motherboard than PC power switch do this job but when we need to run this power supply without any motherboard than we manually need to start the functionality . The method is shown in the picture below. This is the biggest power connector for motherboard it cannects all the DC power  to the mother board too. 

With this power connector we have another power connector that joins the DC power to the mother board. It is shown in the picture below. 

 Various connector ans their works

  SMPS has various connectors to connect output with the computer peripheral device like HDD ( Hard Disk Drive), ODD (Optical Disk Drive ) . These devices need two dc power as 

+12 VDC-------------Yellow Wire

+5 VDC -------------- Red Wire

Ground----------------- Two Black Wire.

These are the most common output connector that are used  to connect hard disk or a optical drive ( CD or DVD writers etc.

These connector can seen any modern computer that these are power connector for SATA device like Hard Disk or DVD writer etc. The Voltage for these device are same as discuss earlier .

Some we need power converter that connects old type of power connector the modern one. 

one SATA power converter connector is shown in the picture.

Electronics Basics_ Chapter 1

Electronics Basics_ Chapter 1

What is Electronics?

By the Definition Electronics is a branch of Science in which we study the flow of current in various medium like metals non metals or vacuum tubes. Basically it is a vast part of Electrical. As we know that in electrical branch we have to study about the production of power, transmission of power as well as types of consumption. Electronics is much similar to the Electrical but in Electronics we generally study less magnitude as compared to Electrical branch. Let’s take a look on the various fields.

Communication:-

Electronics is a very fast grooving field of science. Electronics plays a vital role in the modernization of today’s real world. The world without electronics even cannot be imagining. Today we achieved moon and Mars and we are now focused even far from our galaxy. That achievement cannot be done without Electronics. Electronics provides fine control, precise prediction and much more too. In today’s world we talked to our dear ones with the help of mobile phones and satellite phones. Video calling is becoming child play now. We are controlling the rovers on Moon and Mars. We are streaming the live videos and audios from there to our Earth. We can establish a live audio and video link from anywhere across globe. Communication devices are continuously reducing their size and increasing their capabilities. Now wireless technology is much popular.

Displays are becoming more real. Now we have more powerful video processors that are capable to deliver more realistic picture in seconds. Home entertainment is much reliable and we have lots of choices to choose the contents. It makes our life more enjoyable.

 

Medical:-

It is just due to advancement of electronics that we are able to see inside the human body without any cut on it. We have power full X-Rays Machines, CT scan machines. Now illness prediction is making human life so easy to tackle from lots of diseases. We are curing almost all diseases with the help of advancements medical technologies. Heart surgery is more reliable now and it increased our percentage of live after surgery. We can also able to predict the functionality of heart. So in short we can understand the importance of Medical electronics in human life too.

Space:-

It always excites humans when they see toward sky. Electronics advancement opened a new way toward space. We have strong cameras that can see in the space from earth. Now we have our footprints on the moon. We are planning to send humans over the Mars too. Electronics communication made life easy in space. We are making our own oxygen in ISS (International Space Station) with electronic devices. We are now able to see our neighborhood galaxies too. We have crystal clear pictures and information about almost all planets too. Currently we are predicting the history of these planets too.     

Automobiles:-

Automobiles are important in our modern life. We cannot imagine the world without cars, buses, carriers and planes . Electronics made his presence in this field also. From information display to driving of auto mobiles are very easy and continent with the help of electronics. Self driving vehicles are possible now. GPS (Global Positioning System) is another example of electronic. Now days controlling of automobiles are done by electronics means only. Actuators, relays and solid state switching devices are the few examples of the electronic controlling devices.

 

So in brief we can see the electronic field is very vast now and it is continuously expending their limits. Almost in all field of our life electronic playing an important role. Our modern life depends upon the electronics. We have refrigerators, oven and induction cooker in our kitchen that making our routine life convenient. We are spending our time by watching TV and smart phones that are sea of information too. So electronics is branch of science that making our life enjoyable, reliable and  making us more capable too.

So this was for now ..

Will meet you in next chapter.. 

 

   

 

What is an Embedded System in Electronics ?

What is Embedded System in Electronics ?

Introduction :-

Embedded System is a group of some electronics hardware and software system or systems that are designed to do some special tasks. An Embedded System can be as small as a wrist watch or a fully equipped bulky system like home security system. Basically the embedded system is a combined system of controller and its peripheral devices. 

An Embedded System has some of the following electronic devices

    1. Micro Controller

    2. Memory

    3. Inputs like keyboard, sensors.

    4. Output Devices like display, buzzers, actuators etc.

    5. Control Program.

    6. Power Supply  

      

let's understand the whole system little by little.

1. Micro controller

Some times controller called the brain of the whole embedded system as it controllers all input and output systems or devices as well as processing of the inputs commands to output of the devices that are connected with the embedded systems. 

To meet to requirements of an embedded system there are so many types and architectures are available in the market. It is the responsibility of a embedded system designer to choose the best controller for the specific task. A designer may keep the following points in the mind to choose one controller for the embedded system.

    a. Type of a Micro controller

    b. Architecture 

    c. Ports or Pins

    d. No. ADC 

    e. ADC bits.

    f. Internal Memory

    g. No. of Inputs and output pins.

2. Memory

Memory is an important part of an embedded system. The whole functions depends upon the size and types of memory . If the memory is too short than only less commands can be obtained from the system or when memory is too large than the function can be slow as it takes time to retrieve the command from the memory. There are two type of memories in a system

        a. Internal Memory

        b. External Memory

Internal Memory is present into the micro controller and the external memory is attached with the micro controller's port . It may be volatile or non volatile. These memories stores the commands input data or results for long time to obtain it in future requirements.

3. Inputs like keyboard, sensors.

Embedded system are designed to perform specific tasks. They take commands from input ports and apply the desired output on its output port. The input  devices can be a keyboard, trackball or some pointing device like mouse etc.

Some control embedded system devices are quipped with the input sensors like humidity sensors, temperature sensors, accelerators etc. 

4. Output Devices like display, buzzers, actuators etc.

An embedded system take its input from the condition of the sensor and apply the desired output to the output devices like LED-LCD display, buzzers, or other output device . Maximum  systems are equipped with the displays these display shows the condition of input system or commands and the value of the output devices . 

Some system has its own additional feedback system to check the position or magnitude of the output devices .This system ensure that the output command is applied successfully.  

 5. Control Program.

As we discussed before all the embedded systems are commended by its own program. The control program contains numerous lines or instruction and conditions of input and output system. A micro controller always reads the program and apply the output as per the requirement of the control program. Again it is the responsibility of   a embedded system designer to make the control program bug free so the program runs faster and error free. 

6. Power Supply  

Power supply is the energy who actually run the embedded system. The power supply can have a lots of types and values . The types and the values of a supply depends upon the requirements of a embedded system and its peripheral devices .

An electronic devices runs on DC supply and if we are controlling any electrical device than we need AC supply . a designer smartly designs the system with the both supplies. 

So at last we can says that the embedded system is an art of using electronics and electrical peripherals to obtain a specified output that control the physical environment . We can see some state-of-arts embedded system around us . These embedded systems are continuously adding values to our daily and routine life . A typed this page for you with the hepl of  a known state-of-art embedded system called a Personal Computer

Arduino Mini Pro 3.3 Vdc Version Introduction

An Introduction to Arduino Mini Pro. 

3.3 VDC version

Introduction

Arduino has lots of  boards type in its inventory. They all are capable to do almost the same works that a Arduino Uno can do. Most of the Arduino Boards are based on the powerfull Atmel Atmege328P microcontroller .This microcontroller have most of the basic and advanced facilities in on package.

The Atmega328P is available both variant like DIP , SMD quad flat . Arduino Mini Pro has same Atmega328P in its smd quad flat package.

Dimensions 

The dimensions of the Arduino Pro Mini are near to 0.7" X 1.3"

Pin Details

Features

Input Voltage   =   3.3 -5  VDC

Safe Side Input Voltage    = 3.3 VDC 

Input Current    =   150 mA

Maximum Current (In-Out)     =     40 mA

Recommended Maximum Current (In-Out)    =     20 mA

Atmel AVR    =     8 bit

Programmable In-Out Pins    =    14 Digital Pins

ADC Pins    =     8

ADC    =     10 bits

PWM    =    8 bits

EEPROM    =     1kB

Flash Program Memory    =     32kB 

SRAM    =     2kB

Programming Method:- 

As we can see there is no USB socket is available on the board. So this Arduino Board can not be programmed directly from a PC or a laptop. This board need one another attachment that is called FTDI ( Future Technology Devices International  ) programmer . It is basically USB to TTL converter that connects the Rx and Tx pins of a Arduino Mini Pro to the computer through a USB cable.

Applications

Arduino Mini Pro can do almost the work done by the flagship board Arduino Uno. But with its small factor of size make it popular to the users who want to do some mobile applications . Second due to its very low current consumption it is most applicable to the stand alone or battery applications too. 

The Most popular projects using Arduino Mini Pro are :- 

                            1. Wrist Watch 

                            2. Quard Copter 

                            3. GPS data Modules

                            4. Calculator

Thanks for reading ...

Keep Following for 

The Electronic Mishtri....

                    

How to upload Arduino bootloader to a standalone Microcontroller in Hindi ( नए कंट्रोलर में बूटलोडर प्रोग्रामिंग कैसे करें )

How to upload Arduino Bootloader to a stand alone Micro controller in Hindi

नए कंट्रोलर में बूटलोडर प्रोग्रामिंग कैसे करें

आर्डूइनों बोर्ड के साथ जो कंट्रोलर लगा हुआ आता है वह अलग से मिलने वाले कंट्रोलर से भिन्न होता है । आर्डूइनों बोर्ड के साथ आने वाले कंट्रोलर में एक अलग से HEX फ़ाइल डाली गयी होती है जिसके कारण वह आर्डूइनों IDE से आने वाले स्क्रेच को समझता है और उसको अपने हार्डवेयर पर लागू कर देता है । यदि हम बाहर से एक Atmega328P कंट्रोलर को खरीद कर किसी आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में लगाते है तब वह आर्डूइनों IDE से प्रोग्राम नहीं होता है । वह error दिखाना शुरू कर देता है । IDE से आने वाले प्रोग्राम को समझने के लिए कंट्रोलर के पास “bootloader” नाम की फ़ाइल उसमे डाली होने चाहिए । अन्यथा वह आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में लगाने पर न तो कोई प्रोग्राम को पहचान पाता है और न ही वह कोई कार्य को करने में सक्षम हो पता है । सीधे शब्दो में यदि किसी कारण से हमें किसी नए Atmega328P कंट्रोलर को आर्डूइनों बोर्ड से प्रोग्राम करना है तो पहले नए कंट्रोलर में “bootloader” डाला जाना आवश्यक है। किसी नए कंट्रोलर में bootloader डालने को bootloader burning (बरनिंग) कहते है ।

Bootloader डाले जाने के बाद इस कंट्रोलर को आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में लगाकर IDE से प्रोग्राम किया जा सकता है और इसको प्रोग्राम होने के बाद अपने किसी अन्य हार्डवेयर PCB में लगाकर प्रयोग किया जा सकता है । इस सुविधा के कारण हम कम पैसों में अन्य आर्डूइनों बोर्ड के जैसे बोर्ड का निर्माण कर सकते है जो वो सब कार्य कर सकता है जो एक नया आर्डूइनों बोर्ड कर सकता है ।

एक आर्डूनों बोर्ड से नए Atmega328P में bootloader डालने की तीन विधियाँ है इन का विवरण इस प्रकार से है –

1॰  In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) यह विधि bootloader burning की सुविधा प्रदान करती है । इस विधि में आर्डूनों बोर्ड के कंट्रोलर वाले सॉकेट में एक नया कंट्रोलर लगाया जाता है जिसको प्रोग्राम करना होता है । उसके बाद हमें एक नए प्रकार के हार्डवेयर की जरूरत होगी जिसको USBasp कहा जाता है । इसके साथ ही हमे Atmega Studio ( स्टुडियो ) सॉफ्टवेयर के जरूरत होगी तब हम नए कंट्रोलर में bootloader file बर्न कर पायेंगे । यह विधि खर्चीली होने के साथ साथ जटिल भी है । इस विधि में गलती होने की भी संभावना रहती है । इसका प्रयोग प्राय: नहीं किया जाता है । चित्र में आर्डूइनों ICSP साकेट को दिखाया गया है ।

चित्र न॰ 1

2. Arduino ISP प्रोग्राममिंग विधि में एक आर्डूइनों बोर्ड से दूसरे आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में bootloader प्रोग्राम डाला जाता है । चित्र में इस विधि में प्रयोग होने वाले हार्डवेयर setup को दिखाया गया है ।

चित्र न॰ 2

इस विधि में दो आर्डूइनों बोर्ड की जरूरत होती है , जोकि अपेक्षाकृत महंगा होता है । इस setup को प्रोग्राम आर्डूइनों IDE से ही किया जा सकता है । यह कम जटिल विधि है ।

3. तीसरी विधि सबसे सस्ती और आसान विधि है । इसमे कम समय में ही नए कंट्रोलर में bootloader burn कर दिया जाता है । इस विधि के setup को नीचे चित्र में दिखाया गया है । । इसके लिए बहुत ही साधारण से समान के जरूरत होती है । समान की सूची इस प्रकार से है ।-

22pf ceramic capacitors    2

16 MHz क्रिस्टल           1

10 किलो ओहम  रेसिस्टर     1

जनरल बोर्ड (BreadBoard)  1

कुछ संयोजक तारें 

 

अब हमें आर्डूइनों बोर्ड ( जिससे हम अपने नए Atmega328P कंट्रोलर को प्रोग्राम करने जा रहे है ) को एक प्रकार से AVR प्रोग्रामर बनाना पड़ेगा इसके लिए आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में AVR प्रोग्रामर का code डालना पड़ेगा । इसके लिए नीचे लिखे निर्देश कर्मश: दोहराए –

1. अपने आर्डूइनों बोर्ड यानि ARDUINO UNO को अपने कम्प्यूटर से USB केबल के द्वारा जोड़े ।

2. आर्डूइनों IDE को खोले ।

3. आर्डूइनों IDE में अपने आर्डूइनों बोर्ड का पोर्ट (Port) एवं बोर्ड का प्रकार जाँचें।

चित्र न॰ 4

4. अब अपने आर्डूइनों बोर्ड को AVR प्रोग्राम से तैयार करने के लिए File Menu के Examples option में जाए ।

5. Examples options में से ArduinoISP में ArduinoISP को चुने ।

6. अब अपने arduino UNO बोर्ड में ArduinoISP प्रोग्राम को upload button की सहायता से upload करें । ArduinoISP से प्रोग्राम upload होने पर आपका Arduino बोर्ड AVR Programming के लिए तैयार है । अपने आर्डूइनों UNO बोर्ड को कम्प्यूटर से निकाल लें । 

चित्र न॰ 5

7. अब चित्र न॰ 3 में दिखाये गए setup के अनुसार इन समान को एक बोर्ड ( BreadBoard ) पर अच्छे से व्यवस्थित कर ले । 

8. अपने आर्डूइनों बोर्ड को कम्प्यूटर से जोड़ें । Tools Menu  का सबसे अंतिम option Burn Bootloader पर click करके bootloader को अपने नए कंट्रोलर में प्रोग्राम होने दे ।

9. Programming पूरी होने पर आपका कंट्रोलर अब आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में लगाकर किसी भी स्केच से असानी से प्रोग्राम होने के लिए प्रयोग होने के लिए तैयार है । 

चित्र न॰ 6

चित्र न॰ 7

हमने देखा की एक नए कंट्रोलर को भी आर्डूइनों बोर्ड से आसानी से bootloader डालकर (Burn करने से ) किसी आर्डूइनों बोर्ड में लगाकर प्रोग्राम किया जा सकता है । अब इस कंट्रोलर को अलग से भी किसी PCB (Printed Circuit Board) में लगाकर प्रयोग किया जा सकता है । इसके कारण कम लागत में भी आप आर्डूइनों बोर्ड के जैसी सुविधा पा सकते है ।

चित्र न॰ 8

चित्र न॰ 8 में एक stand alone आर्डूइनों बोर्ड को दिखाया गया है । इसके सारे functions एक Arduino Uno बोर्ड की तरह से ही काम करेंगे।